1. I-Alternator
I-Alternator iyinsiza ebalulekile engasebenza ngenjini yemoto ukuze ikhiqize ugesi ophakeme, okusetshenziswa ukuze ikhokhele ibhathri futhi iphakamise izisetshenziswa zikagesi ngesikhathi inja isebenza. I-Alternator ivame ukwenziwa ngogesi obhakiwe ofakwe endlini ye- crankshaft, futhi ivame ukutholakala eduze nesithwathwa senjini.
Uma injini yemoto isebenza, i-alternator ikhiqiza ugesi ngokuguqula amandla okunyakaza aphuma ku-injini abe ugesi. Le mveliso ye-electrical itholakala ukuze ikhokhele ibhathri izinsiza zikagesi ezifana nezibani, iradio, kanye nohlelo lokupholisa.
Izinkinga ze-alternator zingaholela ezinkingeni eziningi zikagesi, okuhlanganisa ibhathri elingasebenzi kahle nezinkinga ezisebenzayo. Izinkinga ezivamile ze-alternator zihlanganisa ama-bearing agugile, ama-diode aphukile, kanye ne-belts ezonakele, zonke lezi zinto zinganciphisa amandla e-alternator okukhuthaza ugesi.
2. I-Bhathri
Ibhathri iyisici esiyinhloko sohlelo lwezokusebenza lwe-injini, esibhekelela ukuhlinzeka ngogesi ukuze iqale injini kanye nokuphakela izisetshenziswa zikagesi uma injini ingasebenzi. Ibhathri ivame ukutholakala ngaphansi komlilo wemoto futhi ixhunywe ku-injini nezisetshenziswa zikagesi ngocingo nemigqa ethile.
Umsebenzi omkhulu we-bhathri ukuhlinzeka ngogesi ukuze uqale injini futhi ugcine izisetshenziswa zikagesi zisebenza lapho injini ye-moto igijima. Izinkinga ze-bhathri zingaholela ezinkingeni ezahlukene zikagesi, okuhlanganisa ubunzima ekuqaleni kokusebenza kanye nezinkinga ezisebenzayo. Izinkinga ezivamile zibandakanya ukugqwala, ama-cables nemigqa ebhujisiwe noma egugile, kanye nokuchelela okunganele, zonke lezi zinto zinganciphisa amandla e-bhathri okuphakela ugesi.
3. I-Starter Motor
I-Starter motor ingxenye yesistimu yokusebenza kwe-injini, ebhekelela ukujika injini uma iswishi yokuvula isebenza. Emizileni ye-injini, umshayeli wayeqala injini ngokuqhuba isihlahla phambili. I-starter motor ithathela indawo yalokhu, ikwenze kube lula ukuvula injini.
Le motor ivame ukutholakala ezansi kwe-injini futhi ixhunywe ku-flywheel ye-injini ngegagasi elincane elibizwa nge-pinion gear. Lapho iswishi yokuvula isebenza, i-starter motor ihlanganisa i-pinion gear ne-flywheel, ibangele injini ukuba ijike futhi iqale. Ibhathri iyakhipha amandla kwi-starter motor, futhi amandla kagesi adluliselwa kwi-starter motor ngocingo nemigqa ethile.
Izinkinga ze-starter motor zingaholela ezinkingeni ekwenzeni injini iqale, okuhlanganisa ukujika okuphakeme noma okungapheli. Izinkinga ezivamile zihlanganisa ama-brush agugile, ama-solenoids aphukile, kanye ne-pinion gears ezonakele, ezinganciphisa amandla e-starter motor okwenza injini ijike.
4. I-Cylinder Block
I-Cylinder block, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-engine block, iyinsiza eyinhloko ye-injini. Ivame ukwenziwa nge-cast iron noma i-aluminium futhi iqukethe ama-cylinders, ama-pistons, kanye nezinye izakhiwo eziningi. I-Cylinder block ibhekelela ukuhlinzeka ngesakhiwo esiqinile se-injini nokuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke ezinye izingxenye zisesimweni esifanele.
Ngaphakathi kwe-cylinder block, uzothola izakhiwo eziningi, okuhlanganisa i-crankshaft kanye nama-cylinders. Lawa ma-cylinders yindawo lapho ukushiswa kwefu ne-air mixture kwenzeka khona, futhi angahluka inani ukusuka kwezine kuya kweziyishumi nambili, kuncike kumklamo wenjini. Izindonga zama-cylinder zifakwe ngama-cylinder liners, okwenza kube lula ukuhamba phakathi kwama-piston rings kanye nezindonga zama-cylinder.
I-Cylinder block kanye nezakhiwo eziphakathi kwayo zihlala zifakwe ngamafutha aphakanyiswa kwi-injini nge-oil pump. I-Cylinder block iphinde iphumeze amanzi athunyelwa ezindaweni ezithile zebhlock ukuze igcine injini ipholile.
5. Ama-Pistons
Ama-pistons agcinwa kuma-cylinders e-cylinder block futhi adlala indima ebalulekile ekushiseni. Abunjwe ngendlela yebhendi futhi ivame ukwenziwa ngensimbi ye-aluminium ethile. Ama-pistons aklanyelwe ukunyakaza phezulu naphansi ngaphakathi kuma-cylinders e-cylinder block, ahanjiswa amandla adalwe ukushiswa kwefu ne-air mixture.
Uhlaka lwama-piston, olubizwa nge-crown noma i-piston head, lwenziwe ukuze luhambe kahle nokuqhuba izinga eliphezulu lokushisa kanye nomfutho odalwe inqubo yokushiswa. Ingxenye ephansi ye-piston ibizwa nge-skirt, futhi iklanyelwe ukugwema ama-pistons phakathi nezindonga zama-cylinder kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuhambisana okuhle.
Ama-pistons anika amandla okudlulisela kumathuluzi e-auto nge-transmission, okuyenza iqhube. Izimpawu zokwehluleka kwe-piston zingahlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwamafutha, umsindo ophakeme noma ophukile ovela kwi-injini, ukulahlekelwa amandla, kanye nokuhlala okungajwayelekile. Izinkinga zama-piston zingaholela ekulimazeni okukhulu kwe-injini uma zinganakiwe.
6. I-Crankshaft
I-Crankshaft igcinwe ngaphansi kwe-cylinder block futhi ibhekelela ukuhlinzeka ngenkathi yokunyakaza okujikelezayo kwe-pistons ibe yinsiza yokujikela kwemoto. I-Crankshaft ivame ukwenziwa ngensimbi eqinile futhi ixhaswe ngama-bearing agcinwe kwi-cylinder block. I-Crankshaft ixhunywe ezansi kwamapiston ngezixhumi ezibizwa ngama-connecting rods.
Ukugcinwa kahle kwe-crankshaft kubalulekile ekuphila isikhathi eside nasekusebenzeni kwe-injini. Ukushintsha amafutha njalo nokusebenzisa i-viscosity efanele kungasiza ukunciphisa ukugqwala nokuguguleka kumabearing e-crankshaft. Ukuqhuma noma ukuqhuba injini ngezinga eliphansi lokucindezela kwamafutha kungadala ukulimala kumabearing futhi kuholele ekuphuleni okukhulu kwe-injini.
Izimpawu zokwehluleka kwe-crankshaft zingahlanganisa ukuhamba okujwayelekile, umsindo ophukile noma ohlangene ovela kwi-injini, ukulahlekelwa amandla, kanye nobunzima ekuqaleni kwe-injini.
7. Ama-Connecting Rods
Ama-Connecting rods axhumanisa ama-pistons ne-crankshaft ye-injini. Umsebenzi omkhulu we-connecting rod ukuhambisa ukuhamba phezulu naphansi kwe-piston kube yinjini ye-crankshaft. Ama-Connecting rods avame ukwenziwa ngezinto eziqinile ezifana nensimbi, i-aluminium, noma i-titanium futhi kufanele akwazi ukumelana nezinga eliphezulu lokushisa nomfutho ngaphakathi kwe-injini.
Ama-Connecting rods kufanele aklanyelwe kahle ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuhamba okujwayelekile nokuqondanisa nezakhiwo ezihambisanayo. Ukugcinwa okujwayelekile nokuhlolwa, kuhlanganisa nokushintsha amafutha, kungasiza ukuvimbela izinkinga nokwandisa isikhathi sokuphila kwe-injini. Uma i-connecting rod iphazamiseka, ingadala ukulimala okukhulu kwi-injini, okuholela ezindlekweni ezinkulu zokulungisa noma ekutheni kudingeke ukuthi kushintshwe i-injini ngokuphelele.
8. I-Camshaft
I-Camshaft iyinsiza ebhekelela ukuvula nokucisha ama-valve e-injini ngesikhathi esifanele. I-Camshaft ivame ukwenziwa ngensimbi eqinile futhi ixhaswe ngama-bearing agcinwe kwi-cylinder head. I-Camshaft inama-lobes amaningi noma ama-cams aphusha ama-valve lifters, okwandisa ama-pushrods kanye ne-rocker arms, okubangela ama-valve avule futhi avale.
Uhlobo nobukhulu bama-lobes e-camshaft kuthinta isikhathi sokuvula nokuphakama, okungathinta kakhulu ukusebenza kwe-injini. Izimpawu zokwehluleka kwe-camshaft zingahlanganisa ukuhamba kwe-injini, ukuncipha amandla, ukuncipha ukusebenza kokudla, kanye nobunzima ekuqaleni kwe-injini.
9. Ama-Valves
Ama-valves kwi-injini abhekelela ukuhlela ukuhamba kwefu ne-air mixture engena kwi-injini nokuphuma kwegesi ye-exhaust. Ama-valves avame ukwenziwa ngensimbi eqinile futhi atholakala kwi-cylinder head. I-Camshaft isebenzisa ama-valve, avulwa futhi avalwe ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwe-injini.
Ama-valves angabangela ukuguguleka noma ukulimala ngenxa yokuhamba kwe-injini okuphakeme, ukungagcinwa kahle, noma ezinye izizathu. Ukugcinwa okujwayelekile, kuhlanganisa nezinguquko zama-valve, kungasiza ukunciphisa ukugqwala nokuvikela ukuhamba okuhle kwe-injini. Izimpawu zokwehluleka kwe-valve zingahlanganisa ukuhamba kwe-injini, ukuncipha amandla, ukuncipha ukusebenza kokudla, kanye nobunzima ekuqaleni kwe-injini. Uma ubonile ukuthi injini yakho ibhekene nezinkinga eziphathelene nama-valve, kubalulekile ukufuna usizo lochwepheshe ukuze kutholakale nokulungiswa kwenkinga ngokushesha. Ukulinda ukulungiswa kungaholela ekulimazeni okwengeziwe kwe-injini nezindleko zokulungisa eziphakeme.
10. I-Timing Belt Noma I-Timing Chain
Ngokwenziwa kwe-injini, i-timing belt ingaba ibhande noma uchungechunge. Ibhekelela ukuvumelanisa ukujikeleza kwe-camshaft ne-crankshaft. I-Timing belt iqinisekisa ukuthi ama-valve e-injini avule futhi avale ngesikhathi esifanele phakathi nesikhathi sokushiswa kwe-injini.
I-Timing belt noma i-chain ivame ukwenziwa ngezinto eziqinile, ezifana ne-rubber noma ama-alloy wensimbi, futhi itholakala kwi-engine block. I-crankshaft iyayishayela i-timing belt noma i-chain, bese ishayela i-camshaft. I-Timing belt noma i-chain kufanele ihlolwe njalo futhi ishintshwe ngokuhambisana nezindlela zesikhumbuzo zomkhiqizi. Ngaphezu kwesikhathi, i-timing belt noma i-chain ingaguga, iguguleka noma ibhujiswe, futhi ekugcineni ihluleka, ibangele ukulimala okukhulu kwe-injini.
Ukushintsha i-timing belt noma i-chain kuyakhokhisa okukhulu okwenziwa kuphela ngumkhiqizi okwaziwayo onamathuluzi nezinsiza ezifanele. Kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-timing belt noma i-chain ifakwe kahle futhi ilungiswe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukulimala kwe-injini.
11. Ama-Fuel Injectors
Ama-fuel injectors ahlinzeka ngophethiloli kwi-chamber yokushiswa ye-injini noma isikhala se-cylinder ngenhla kwe-piston head. Ngokungafani nezinhlelo ezindala ze-carburetor, ama-fuel injectors ahlinzeka ngokulawula okuqondile kokulethwa kwephethiloli, okuholela ekuqedeni ukusebenza kahle kokushiswa nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-injini.
Ama-fuel injectors akhipha umoya ophakeme ophakeme ophakathi kwe-chamber yokushiswa. Ikhompyutha ye-injini ibala inani lephethiloli elithunyelwa, elilungisa ukuhamba kwephethiloli ngokuya ngesivinini se-injini, umthwalo, nezinye izinto. Lokhu kulawula okuqondile kuholela ekwandeni kokusebenza kahle kokudla nokunciphisa ukungcola uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlelo ezindala ze-carburetor.
Ngaphezulu kwesikhathi, ama-injectors angavala noma aguguleka, okuholela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza nokusebenza kahle kokudla. Ukugcinwa okujwayelekile, kuhlanganisa ukuhlanzwa kwe-system ye-fuel kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-injector, kungasiza ukuvimbela izinkinga nokwandisa isikhathi sokuphila kwama-fuel injectors. Ama-fuel injectors angase adinge ukuba ashintshwe uma egugile kakhulu noma ebulala.
12. Ama-Spark Plugs
Ama-spark plugs ahlinzeka ngophawu oludingekayo ukuze kuqale ukujula kwefu ne-air mixture e-cylinders ye-injini. Ama-spark plugs kufanele akhiqize ukushisa okuqinile, okujwayelekile, kanti kufanele aphinde akwazi ukumelana nezinga eliphezulu lokushisa nemfutho ngaphakathi kwe-injini.
Ama-spark plugs aqukethe isikhala sensimbi, i-electrode ephakeme, kanye ne-electrode yokuphuma. I-electrode ephakeme ixhunywe kuhlelo lwezokushisa lwe-injini, kanti i-electrode yokuphuma ixhunywe kumzimba we-plug.
Lapho uhlelo lwezokushisa luthumela ipulazi elinokucindezela eliphakeme kwi-electrode ephakeme, umoya ophakeme uvele phakathi kwalezi zikhala, uvula ukujula kwefu ne-air mixture e-cylinders ye-injini. Ama-spark plugs ahlangabezana nokugqwala okukhulu ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwe-injini ejwayelekile. Ngaphezu kwesikhathi, i-electrode ephakeme ingaguguleka noma igcwaliswe ngama-deposits, okuholela ekunciphiseni ukushisa nokunciphisa ukusebenza kwe-injini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-electrode yokuphuma ingaguguleka noma ibhujiswe, ibangele ukujula nokunye okungahambi kahle.
13. I-Ignition Coil
I-Ignition coil iyingxenye yohlelo lwezokushisa kwi-injini yokushisa yangaphakathi. Ibhekelela ukuhlinzeka ngokucindezela okuphansi okuvela ku-bhathri kube yisikhumbuzo esiphezulu esidingekayo ukuze kudaleke umoya ophakeme kumaphuzu ama-spark plugs.
I-Ignition coil iyisikhumbuzo esiyinsizakalo esiyingqayizivele esinezingxenye ezimbili ezihlanganisiwe ezizungezile. Lapho uhlelo lwezokushisa luthumela ipulazi elinokucindezela eliphakeme kwi-coil ephakeme, lokhu kudala umkhakha phakathi kwalezi zikhala. Lapho ipulazi luphumelelisa, umkhakha uyaphela, udala ipulazi elinokucindezela eliphakeme ngaphakathi kwe-coil ephakeme. Le pulazi eliphezulu lithunyelwa kumaphuzu ama-spark plugs, kudala umoya ophakeme ogcina ukujula kwefu ne-air mixture e-cylinders ye-injini.
Ngaphezulu kwesikhathi, ama-coils angase abe nomonakalo noma ahluleka, okuholela ekunciphiseni ukushisa nokunciphisa ukusebenza kwe-injini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvimbela okukhona phakathi kwama-coils kungaguguleka, okubangela umoya ophakeme ukuthi uzihambise futhi mhlawumbe ulimele ezinye izakhiwo.
14. I-Radiator
I-Radiator iyingxenye ebalulekile yesistimu yokupholisa ye-injini, ebhekelela ukususa ukushisa okukhishwe yi-injini ukuze ivimbele ukushisa okukhulu nokulimala. I-Radiator ivame ukutholakala phambili kwe-injini futhi ibandakanya uchungechunge lwezintambo namafinyeti lapho uketshezi kudlula khona.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-Radiator kuhambisana namafutha akhishwa kwi-injini ngezinhlaka ezithile. Uketshezi luthathwa kwi-radiator luthunyelwa kwi-injini, luthola ukushisa okukhishwe yi-injini. Uketshezi olukhishwe luthunyelwa emuva kwi-radiator, lapho luhlanzwa ngemoyeni owenziwe ngu-fan. Uketshezi oluphumelele kabusha lubuyiselwa kwi-injini, lapho luthola ukushisa okuphindiwe.
Izinkinga ze-radiator zingaholela ekushiseni okukhulu nasekulimazeni kwe-injini. Izinkinga ezivamile zihlanganisa ukuvuza, ukuvinjwa, kanye nokugqwala, okunganciphisa amandla e-radiator okukhulula ukushisa. I-fan ethola umoya e-radiator ingaphinde ibe nomonakalo noma igugule, okunciphisa ukusebenza kokupholisa.
15. I-Water Pump
I-Water pump iyingxenye ye-injini yokupholisa. Iphakathi kwe-injini ukuze ipholise ama-cylinders. I-Water pump ivame ukuphakanyiswa ngogesi obhakiwe ohlanganiswe ne-crankshaft ye-injini. I-Water pump ibizwa ngale ndlela ngoba izimoto ezindala zazisebenzisa amanzi njenge-liquid yokupholisa. Izimoto zamuva zisebenzisa uketshezi olwakhiwe ngempela olukhombisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanza.
Uketshezi luthathwa kwi-radiator luthunyelwa kwi-pump, lapho luphakanyiswa kwi-injini, luthola ukushisa okukhishwe ngenqubo yokushiswa. Uketshezi olushisayo luthunyelwa emuva kwi-radiator, lapho luhlanzwa khona ngaphansi komoya ophuma ngefan, bese luphinda lubuyiselwa kwi-injini.
Ngemuva kwesikhathi, ama-bearing noma izibambo ze-pump zingaguga, okuholela ekuphazamisekeni noma ekunciphiseni ukusebenza. I-impeller ehambisa uketshezi ingase ibhujiswe noma igugule, inciphisa ukusebenza kwe-pump. Ukugcinwa okujwayelekile, ukuhlolwa, kanye nokushintsha ama-pumps amanzi agugile noma aphukile kungasiza ukuvimbela izinkinga kanye nokwandisa isikhathi sokuphila kwalesi sisetshenziswa.
16. I-Oil Pump
I-Oil pump iyingxenye yesistimu yokuhlanza ye-injini futhi iqhuba amafutha phakathi kwe-injini ukuvimbela ukugqwala nokulimala. I-Oil pump ivame ukuphakanyiswa ngogesi noma uchungechunge oluxhunyiwe kumkhono we-crankshaft ye-injini.
Amafutha athathwa kwi-oil pan athunyelwa kwi-pump bese edlulisela phakathi kwe-injini, ehlinzeka ngohlanzo kumakhanda, ama-bearing, ama-pistons, kanye nezinye izingxenye ezihambayo. Amafutha aphinde athathe indawo yokupholisa kwi-injini futhi asize ukuphola ukushisa okukhishwe yi-injini.
Izinto ezihamba phakathi kwe-oil pump zingaguga ngaphezulu kwesikhathi, okuholela ekunciphiseni ukucindezela kwamafutha kanye nokunciphisa ukuhlinzeka. I-oil pump engaguga, ehambayo, noma engasebenzi kahle kufanele ishintshwe ngokushesha ukuze kuncishiswe ubungozi bokulimala okukhulu kwe-injini.
Isifinyezo
Injini yemoto iyinhliziyo evamile yemoto, futhi ukuqonda izakhiwo zayo ezisemqoka kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kahle nokugcinwa. Ngakho-ke, zonke lezi zinto zidlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni okuphelele kwe-injini. Ukugcinwa kwe-injini okujwayelekile, kuhlanganisa nokushintsha amafutha, izinguquko zamafutha, kanye nokuhlolwa kwezinto ze-injini, kungasiza ukuvimbela izinkinga futhi wandise isikhathi sokuphila kwe-injini.